InternetAddress.h

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/*
 * Copyright(c) Sophist Solutions, Inc. 1990-2026.  All rights reserved
 */
#ifndef _Stroika_Foundation_IO_Network_InternetAddress_h_
#define _Stroika_Foundation_IO_Network_InternetAddress_h_ 1
 
#include "Stroika/Foundation/StroikaPreComp.h"
 
#include <compare>
#include <optional>
 
#if qStroika_Platform_POSIX
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/socket.h> // for AF_INET etc
#elif qStroika_Platform_Windows
#include <WinSock2.h>
 
#include <in6addr.h>
#include <inaddr.h>
#endif
 
#include "Stroika/Foundation/Characters/String.h"
#include "Stroika/Foundation/Common/Common.h"
#include "Stroika/Foundation/DataExchange/DefaultSerializer.h"
#include "Stroika/Foundation/IO/Network/InternetProtocol/IP.h"
#include "Stroika/Foundation/Traversal/Iterable.h"
#include "Stroika/Foundation/Traversal/Range.h"
 
/**
 *  \file
 *
 *  \note Code-Status:  <a href="Code-Status.md#Beta">Beta</a>
 *
 * TODO:
 *      @todo   If possible (I think  yes) have method on InternetAddress() to return Scope (like local , global etc).
 *
 *              enum Scope {
 *                  Interface-Local (0x1)
 *                  Link-Local (0x2)
 *                  Admin-Local (0x4)           // MULTICAST ONLY
 *                  Site-Local (0x5)            (AKA - probably better name 'Unique Local Addresses')
 *                  Organization-Local (0x8)    // MULTICAST ONLY
 *                  Global (0xE)
 *              };
 *
 *              Note - there is the Scope, and then the ScoeeID (not sure?)
 *              IPAddress.ScopeId
 *              http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.net.ipaddress.scopeid(v=vs.110).aspx
 *              The scope id (zone id) - needed for a usable link-local IPv6 address - is
 *              https://github.com/SophistSolutions/Stroika/issues/1201
 *
 *      @todo   Also add IPAddress.IsIPv4MappedToIPv6 Property
 *              http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.net.ipaddress.isipv4mappedtoipv6(v=vs.110).aspx
 *              IPAddress.IsIPv6LinkLocal
 *              http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.net.ipaddress.isipv6linklocal(v=vs.110).aspx?cs-save-lang=1&cs-lang=csharp#code-snippet-1
 *
 *      @todo   Future versions may support converting from IPV4 address to IPV6 by assigning an
 *              IPV4 and saying As<in6_addr> ()? Or maybe have ToIPV6() method?
 */
 
namespace Stroika::Foundation::IO::Network {
 
    using Characters::String;
 
    /**
     *  v4 ip addr as a long.
     */
#if qStroika_Platform_POSIX
    using in_addr_t = ::in_addr_t;
#else
    using in_addr_t = uint32_t;
#endif
 
    /**
     *  InternetAddress represents an internet IP address. Its easily convertible to/from
     *  the variety of POSIX/Berkley socket formats.
     *
     *  InternetAddress supports either IPv4 or IPv6 format addresses.
     *
     *  InternetAddress objects can be rendered in either network byte order or host byte order,
     *  but overwhelmingly APIs use network byte order, so that is the default, and the internal
     *  representation.
     *
     *  Also, for IPv6 addresses, since they can be represented as bytes, or shorts, or longs,
     *  its ambiguous what host byte order might mean, so no 'host byte order' API is provided
     *  for IPv6 addresses: just network byte order.
     * 
     *  \note   When constructing or extracting arrays/vectors etc from an InternetAddress, the high order
     *          (most significant) octet come before the lower order octets (so b[0] is high order byte). The ByteOrder enum
     *          can generally be used when assigning/extracting structures from the internet address object.
     *
     *  \note Site-Local addresses
     *      This class provides no support for site-local addresses because they have been deprecated
     *      in http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3879.txt
     *
     * TODO:
     *      \todo   Consider if InternetAddress CTOR should allow empty method, and default CTOR?
     *
     *  \note <a href="Design-Overview.md#Comparisons">Comparisons</a>:
     *      static_assert (totally_ordered<InternetAddress>);
     */
    class InternetAddress {
    public:
        /**
         *  @see Common::Endian
         *  @see Common::EndianConverter
         */
        enum class ByteOrder {
            Network,
            Host,
 
            eDEFAULT = Network,
 
            Stroika_Define_Enum_Bounds (Network, Host)
        };
 
    public:
        /**
         *  This can be V4, V6, or UNKNOWN. The value of this flag is the internet af_family type (e.g. AF_INET).
         */
        enum class AddressFamily {
            UNKNOWN = AF_UNSPEC,
            V4      = AF_INET,
            V6      = AF_INET6,
        };
 
    public:
        /**
         *  A handy way to access the octets of an IPv4 address without worry about endian stuff.
         *
         *  \note prior to Stroika v2.1d13, this was tuple<uint8_t,uint8_t,uint8_t,uint8_t>;
         */
        using IPv4AddressOctets = array<uint8_t, 4>;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  A handy way to access the octets of an IPv6 address without worry about endian stuff.
         */
        using IPv6AddressOctets = array<uint8_t, 16>;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  InternetAddress (const string& s, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::UNKNOWN);
         *  InternetAddress (const String& s, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::UNKNOWN);
         *      Construct an InternetAddress object from a string (with optionally specified address family).
         *      If the address is unparsable according to the rules specified, an exception will be thrown.
         *
         *      \note This does NOT lookup hostnames (like www.google.com or localhost). It must be a numeric
         *      form of an internet address. Use IO::Network::DNS::kThe.GetHostAddresses () instead.
         *
         *      \note also this parser doesn't support surrounding spaces, so Trim () first.
         *
         *  constexpr InternetAddress (const in_addr_t& i);
         *  InternetAddress (const in_addr_t& i, ByteOrder byteOrder);
         *      Construct an InternetAddress from in_addr_t (v4 ip addr as a long).
         *      Note that provided in_addr must already be in network order (unless explicit byte order provided as argument)
         *
         *  constexpr InternetAddress (const in_addr& i);
         *  InternetAddress (const in_addr& i, ByteOrder byteOrder);
         *      Construct an InternetAddress from in_addr - V4 address.
         *      Note that provided in_addr must already be in network order (unless explicit byte order provided as argument)
         *
         *  constexpr InternetAddress (byte octet1, byte octet2, byte octet3, byte octet4);
         *  constexpr InternetAddress (uint8_t octet1, uint8_t octet2, uint8_t octet3, uint8_t octet4);
         *      Construct an InternetAddress V4 address in A.B.C.D octet form.
         *
         *  constexpr InternetAddress (const in6_addr& i);
         *      Construct an InternetAddress from in6_addr - V6 address.
         *
         *  InternetAddress (Traversal::Iterable<uint8_t> octets, AddressFamily af);
         *  InternetAddress (Traversal::Iterable<byte> octets, AddressFamily af);
         *      Construct an InternetAddress octets, either 4 or 16 in length, and which must agree with provided address-family
         * 
         *  \note Constructors taking array/vector arguments, expect bytes with high order data
         *        first in array.
         */
        constexpr InternetAddress ();
        constexpr InternetAddress (const InternetAddress&) noexcept = default;
        constexpr InternetAddress (InternetAddress&&) noexcept      = default;
        explicit InternetAddress (const string& s, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::UNKNOWN);
        explicit InternetAddress (const string_view& s, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::UNKNOWN);
        explicit InternetAddress (const char* s, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::UNKNOWN);
        explicit InternetAddress (const String& s, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::UNKNOWN);
        constexpr InternetAddress (const in_addr_t& i);
        InternetAddress (const in_addr_t& i, ByteOrder byteOrder);
        constexpr InternetAddress (const in_addr& i);
        InternetAddress (const in_addr& i, ByteOrder byteOrder);
        constexpr InternetAddress (byte octet1, byte octet2, byte octet3, byte octet4);
        constexpr InternetAddress (uint8_t octet1, uint8_t octet2, uint8_t octet3, uint8_t octet4);
        constexpr InternetAddress (array<uint8_t, 4> octets, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::V4);
        constexpr InternetAddress (array<byte, 4> octets, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::V4);
        constexpr InternetAddress (const in6_addr& i);
        constexpr InternetAddress (array<uint8_t, 16> octets, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::V6);
        constexpr InternetAddress (array<byte, 16> octets, AddressFamily af = AddressFamily::V6);
        template <ranges::range ITERABLE_OF_UINT8OrByte>
        InternetAddress (ITERABLE_OF_UINT8OrByte octets, AddressFamily af)
            requires (Traversal::IIterableOfTo<ITERABLE_OF_UINT8OrByte, byte> or Traversal::IIterableOfTo<ITERABLE_OF_UINT8OrByte, uint8_t>);
 
    public:
        constexpr InternetAddress& operator= (const InternetAddress&) noexcept = default;
        constexpr InternetAddress& operator= (InternetAddress&&) noexcept      = default;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  Check if unspecified internet address.
         *  @see clear()
         */
        nonvirtual constexpr bool empty () const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  Make it empty().
         *  @see empty()
         */
        nonvirtual void clear ();
 
    public:
        /**
         *  This can be V4, V6, or UNKNOWN, and iff UNKNOWN, then empty () will return true.
         */
        nonvirtual constexpr AddressFamily GetAddressFamily () const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  Converts - if possible - to the given address family. So for example, to IPv6.
         *
         *  \note - there are many ways to convert from IPv4 to IPv6, and this uses "6to4" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6to4
         */
        nonvirtual optional<InternetAddress> AsAddressFamily (AddressFamily family) const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  The size in bytes of the raw address.
         */
        nonvirtual constexpr optional<size_t> GetAddressSize () const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  InternetAddress::min () is the smallest allowed InternetAddress. This is mostly useful as a sentinel (better to use optional)
         *  or for sorting.
         */
        static constexpr InternetAddress min ();
 
    public:
        /**
         *  InternetAddress::min () is the smallest allowed InternetAddress. This is mostly useful as a sentinel (better to use optional)
         *  or for sorting.
         */
        static constexpr InternetAddress max ();
 
    public:
        /**
         *  Only specifically specialized variants are supported. As<T> supported variants include:
         *      As<String> ();
         *      As<in_addr_t> ();                               // qStroika_Platform_POSIX ONLY
         *      As<in_addr> ();                                 // GetAddressFamily () == V4 only
         *      As<array<byte,4>> ();                           // GetAddressFamily () == V4 only
         *      As<array<uint8_t,4>> ();                        // GetAddressFamily () == V4 only
         *      As<IPv4AddressOctets>                           // GetAddressFamily () == V4 only (alias)
         *      As<in6_addr> ();                                // GetAddressFamily () == V6 only
         *      As<array<byte,16>> ();                          // GetAddressFamily () == V6 only
         *      As<array<uint8_t,16>> ();                       // GetAddressFamily () == V6 only
         *      As<IPv6AddressOctets>                           // GetAddressFamily () == V6 only (alias)
         *      As<vector<byte>> ();                            // if (AddressFamily not V4 or V6) may return empty vector
         *      As<vector<uint8_t>> ();                         // if (AddressFamily not V4 or V6) may return empty vector
         *      As<vector<bool>> ();                            // if (AddressFamily not V4 or V6) may return empty vector;  (returns 'bits' mapped into array indexes - high order bit of high order byte first)
         *
         *  Note that returned in_addr, in_addr_t addresses already in network byte order (for the no-arg overload).
         *
         *  As<T> (ByteOrder) is only defined for T==in_addr, and then the byte order is determined by the parameter.
         *
         *  As<array<...>> or As<vector<>>... returns high order bytes first.
         * 
         *  As<array<byte,4>> () returns the high order (in this case 'network') byte
         *  in the first part of the array, so
         *      Assert (InternetAddress { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.As<array<byte,4>> ()[0] == 1);
         *
         *  \note   As<String> () will always produce a numerical representation, whereas ToString () - will sometimes produce
         *          a textual shortcut, like "INADDR_ANY".
         * 
         *  \note   As (ByteOrder) overload only applies to certain types (structured types) where byte order might make sense,
         *          and is not allowed for arrays (which are always returned high order elements first in the array).
         */
        template <typename T>
        nonvirtual T As () const;
        template <typename T>
        nonvirtual T As (ByteOrder byteOrder) const;
 
    public:
        /**
         */
        nonvirtual strong_ordering operator<=> (const InternetAddress& rhs) const;
 
    public:
        /**
         */
        nonvirtual bool operator== (const InternetAddress& rhs) const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  @see Characters::ToString ()
         *
         *  \note   As<String> () will always produce a numerical representation, whereas ToString () - will sometimes produce
         *          a textual shortcut, like "INADDR_ANY".
         */
        nonvirtual String ToString () const;
 
    public:
        /**
         */
        nonvirtual InternetAddress KeepSignificantBits (unsigned int significantBits) const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  \brief offset this IP Address by 'o' discrete addresses (positive only, unsigned offset).
         *
         * @todo support different kinds of offsets
         * @todo document/follow appropriate overflow behavior
         *
         *  @see PinLowOrderBitsToMax ()
         */
        nonvirtual InternetAddress Offset (uint64_t o) const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  \brief offset this IP Address by 'o' by setting the low order 'o' bits to the maximum value
         *
         *  @see Offset ()
         */
        nonvirtual InternetAddress PinLowOrderBitsToMax (unsigned int o) const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  \pre not empty ()
         *
         *  Return true iff the given address is a localhost IP address (typically 127.0.0.1, but can be anything
         *  in that class C range, or ::1, for IPv6 or that range).
         *
         *  This might be better called 'loopback' address. This is NOT for link-local addresses.
         */
        nonvirtual bool IsLocalhostAddress () const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  Returns true iff the address is an 'link local' address. In IPv4 this means 169.254.0.1
         *  through 169.254.255.254, and in IPv6 these are fe80::/64. These are used for autoconf
         *  when there is no DHCP server, as in http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3927
         */
        nonvirtual bool IsLinkLocalAddress () const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  \pre not empty ()
         *  Return true iff the given address is a private IP address (non-routable).
         *  This is sometimes also called Unique Local Addresses (especially in IPv6).
         */
        nonvirtual bool IsPrivateAddress () const;
 
    public:
        /**
         *  \pre not empty ()
         *  Return true iff the given address is a mutlicast IP address.
         */
        nonvirtual bool IsMulticastAddress () const;
 
    private:
        // @todo debug why this cannot be constexpr in clang++-10-debug-libc++-c++2a builds - issue is comparing strong_ordering elts?? crazy
        static strong_ordering TWC_ (const InternetAddress& lhs, const InternetAddress& rhs); // utility code share between c++17 and c++20 versions
 
    private:
        AddressFamily fAddressFamily_;
        union {
            // EACH Stored in network byte order
            in_addr            fV4_;
            in6_addr           fV6_;
            array<uint8_t, 4>  fArray_4_uint_;
            array<byte, 4>     fArray_4_byte_;
            array<uint8_t, 16> fArray_16_uint_;
            array<byte, 16>    fArray_16_byte_;
        };
    };
    static_assert (totally_ordered<InternetAddress>);
 
    /**
     *  IN_ADDR_ANY
     *      This address is a wildcard, matching any address.
     *
     *  \note   Cannot declare here cuz then declaration and definition differ, and cannot define here because we have
     *          the constexpr CTOR methods in the .inl file.
     *
     *      namespace V4 { constexpr InternetAddress kAddrAny{in_addr{}}; }
     *      namespace V6 { constexpr InternetAddress kAddrAny{in6_addr{}}; }
     */
 
    /**
     *  LOCALHOST address
     *      this address is for the current machine on its loopback interface.
     *
     *  \note   Cannot declare here cuz then declaration and definition differ, and cannot define here because we have
     *          the constexpr CTOR methods in the .inl file.
     *
     *      namespace V4 { constexpr InternetAddress kLocalhost{0x7f, 0x0, 0x0, 0x1}; }
     *      namespace V6 { constexpr InternetAddress kLocalhost{in6_addr{{{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}}}}; }
     */
 
    /**
     *  v4 localhost address rendered as v6 (mapped).
     *
     *  \note   Cannot declare here cuz then declaration and definition differ, and cannot define here because we have
     *          the constexpr CTOR methods in the .inl file.
     *
     *      namespace V6 { constexpr InternetAddress kV4MappedLocalhost{in6_addr{{{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0, 0, 1}}}}; }
     */
 
    /**
     *  Return kAddrAny - both the IPv4 and IPv6 variants (depending on ipSupport argument) - which defaults to both.
     */
    Traversal::Iterable<InternetAddress>
    InternetAddresses_Any (InternetProtocol::IP::IPVersionSupport ipSupport = InternetProtocol::IP::IPVersionSupport::eDEFAULT);
 
    /**
     *  Return kLocalhost - both the IPv4 and IPv6 variants (depending on ipSupport argument) - which defaults to both.
     */
    Traversal::Iterable<InternetAddress>
    InternetAddresses_Localhost (InternetProtocol::IP::IPVersionSupport ipSupport = InternetProtocol::IP::IPVersionSupport::eDEFAULT);
 
}
 
namespace std {
    template <>
    struct hash<Stroika::Foundation::IO::Network::InternetAddress> {
        size_t operator() (const Stroika::Foundation::IO::Network::InternetAddress& arg) const;
    };
}
namespace Stroika::Foundation::DataExchange {
    template <>
    struct DefaultSerializer<Stroika::Foundation::IO::Network::InternetAddress> {
        Memory::BLOB operator() (const Stroika::Foundation::IO::Network::InternetAddress& arg) const;
    };
}
 
namespace Stroika::Foundation::Traversal::RangeTraits {
 
    template <>
    struct DefaultOpenness<IO::Network::InternetAddress> : ExplicitOpenness<Openness::eClosed, Openness::eClosed> {};
    template <>
    struct DefaultDifferenceTypes<IO::Network::InternetAddress> : ExplicitDifferenceTypes<int, unsigned int> {};
    template <>
    struct Default<IO::Network::InternetAddress> : ExplicitOpennessAndDifferenceType<IO::Network::InternetAddress> {
        using InternetAddress = IO::Network::InternetAddress;
 
        static const InternetAddress kLowerBound;
        static const InternetAddress kUpperBound;
 
        static InternetAddress GetNext (InternetAddress n);
        static InternetAddress GetPrevious (InternetAddress n);
 
        static constexpr auto Difference (Common::ArgByValueType<value_type> lhs, Common::ArgByValueType<value_type> rhs) -> SignedDifferenceType;
    };
 
}
 
/*
 ********************************************************************************
 ***************************** Implementation Details ***************************
 ********************************************************************************
 */
#include "InternetAddress.inl"
 
#endif /*_Stroika_Foundation_IO_Network_InternetAddress_h_*/